Defining and measuring the productive office. Journal of Corporate Real Estate. Purpose This paper aims to provide a perspective on the office productivity debate, with a particular focus on providing a framework for examining those factors relating to the design and management … Expand.
View 2 excerpts, cites background. This research is motivated by the fact that an office as a forum for activities depends on the type of business being carried out, where the conditions of the office will determine the credibility … Expand.
View 1 excerpt, cites background. Occupant productivity and office indoor environment quality: A review of the literature. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature to draw an understanding of the relationship between indoor environmental quality and occupant productivity in an office environment. The effect of sound on office productivity.
This article reports the results of a questionnaire survey examining the effects of sound on office productivity and assessing the relationship between changes in office productivity and noise … Expand. It was assumed that office design like Furniture, … Expand. Measurements of workplace productivity in the office context. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive survey of workplace productivity key performance indicators KPIs used in the office context.
Academic literature from the past 10 … Expand. Purpose Office layout arrangements have a significant influence on many important aspects of organisations, and design firms need to liaise with the client to determine the most appropriate design … Expand. This paper reports the results from a dataset comprising post-occupancy evaluation POE surveys from 77 Australian open-plan offices.
This paper specifically focuses on a sub-set of 20 offices … Expand. The impact of the behavioural environment on office productivity. Purpose — The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the role the behavioural environment plays in office productivity. View 8 excerpts, references background. The impact of office comfort on productivity. Office design is significant towards employee satisfaction, and the wide-ranging concept of office design also includes the workflow.
The work is analyzed initially and then the work is identified based on by what means the task were completed and whole setup of the office were made up to ensure the smooth running of work in the office without hindrances. Murray , describe labor as an individual who conduct daily routine by following instruction given by the supervisor where by the supervisor has the rights to regulate the particulars on the work performance of an individual.
The author likewise included that a worker is employed for a specific job and one who lives up to expectations by their respective supervisor. In broad, any individual who offer their expertise and knowledge for an organization is an employee, said Murray In addition, Dorgan allegedly believe that productivity is when there is an increase in job performance with less rates of absenteeism, leaving their office early and less break time.
He also uttered that where as for a factory settings, productivity is appraised based on the amount of unit produced by a labor per hour. The higher the number of unit of product produce, the more productivity the labor is.
Dorgan too added that productivity is the augmented task and leveraging organizational performance, which will contain value. Output is a proportion that evaluates in what manner an individual, organization industry nor country converts input resources such as worker, materials and machines into goods and services.
For instance, in organization, if the input such as conducive working environment is good, then the employee can offer maximum productivity in return to the service provided for them by the organization. In addition, micro and macro environment can also be classified into two distinct forms which is physical and biotic environment. Micro environment refers to the immediate local surrounding of the organism. Where as macro environment refers to all the physical and biotic conditions that surround the organism externally.
Next, physical environment refers to conditions such as heat, illumination, drizzle, soil and natural resources. Lastly, biotic environment includes all living forms such as plants, animals, and micro- organisms Mondal, A generally valid assumption stated that an effective office design inspires workers to perform and increase their output.
The environment of an office can be termed in two form which are behavioral and physical component. Behavioral and physial component then can further be classfied in the form of distinct independent variables. Design of an organization office building and their layout could impact how a worker perceive on his or her workplace, whether it is good or the other way round. This is because where the firm wanted to fullfill employee needs to make best use of productivity and satisfaction.
The authors also argued that a well planned workplaces should be manufactured in order to encourage information sharing and creating new contact. Next, Statt argued that the urban office design is appraised based on their utilization of technology, lighting, temperature, space, noise and many more. How a working space is planned out wil not only affects how employee in the organization feel, but it will also determine an employee work performance, their commitment to their employer, and the creation of new knowledge in an organization.
These are the foundation of the spaceknown as the ecological psychology of workspace said Vischer Thus, the purpose of this research is to measure how does office design affects the productivity of employees in an organization. Matthew Kobylar, the area manager at Gensler stated that the aspects that had caused the poductivity to drop is distracting noise and visual distraction in an open space office.
He also added that when the number of employee were crammed working into same floor escalate, the level of noise and visual distraction will also incresases. However, the firm argues the facts that open plan offices are able to empower teamwork. Allocating employee of different department together in the same floor does not neccescarily promotes effectiveness in productivity said Fairs To support Fairs , a journal article on a review paper by Vischer indicates that utmost reliable factors results from employee analysis discover that employee in an organization have a tendency to feel displeased with the concept of having an open plan office as their workspace.
This too happens to cause a problem when employee could not give maximum productivity due to the constraints stated. As the impact, the authors theorizes that one of the harms for instance open plan office will create diversion that prevent an employee will flop to concentrate on his assignments if he or she was assigned to do it eventhough there are some positive side of having an open plan office.
Next, a source from a business website written by Woody , stated that illumination can be considered as one of the largest cost of energy used in an organization. Studies had also proven that poor placement of lighting could lead to tiredness and eye-pain, which in the end causes faults and declined production done by employees.
Getting an adequate amount of natural light is however vital, especially if the colors are distinctive. Jensen allude that dim lights, could bring harmful effect towards labors output for few reasons. Vague lighting can also results in drowsiness and deficiency of focus, which would noticeably leads to negative impact on employee motivation. Furthermore, Jensen stated that artificial illumination, is harmful and prominent like any other harsh lights.
A good instance is light from the menthol, which could contribute to negative effects towards worker, as it famous to trigger eye strain and headaches. The harsh lighting too causes more problem for the eye as the employee are required to focus. In addition, research disclose that exposure to daylight versus.
Woody , states that temperatures is one of the office design factors that lead to employees productivity. Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA recommends any offices to maintain their temperatures from 68 degree celcius to 76 degree celcius. From here Woody, infered that, unsuitable temperature causes an employee in an organization to produce higher rate of mistakes, more time to accomplish his or her assigment, and typical health problems towards labors like fatigueness and stress.
He too stress that in order for an employee to bring more effciency, they have to be contented with the psychological and physical traits of their office design. From ergonomic point of view, the position of your console, desktop and seat could determine the effect from the way you work and the level of tiredness a labor will probably encounter. Carpal passage disorder and neck strain are predominant office issues with regards to space included Woody What are the initiatives taken by an organisation to escalate productivity of employees?
Will the features of office design leverage employees productivity in an organzation? How does the physical environment of office design impact employee productivity in an organization? To study what are the initiatives taken by an organisation to escalate productivity of employees. To determine features of office design that foster employees productivity in an organization 3.
To study how does physical environment office design of an organization affect the productivity among its employee in an organization. Researcher wishes to study on how BFM office designs such as spatial arrangement, noise lighting, temperature, furniture and also colors of the working space in BFM affect the productivity of their employee.
Aside from that, researcher would also like to investigate the factors that escalate employee productivity in the organization and alternatives that had been implemented by BFM to foster employee productivity. Internal environment plays a vital role to create a productive and efficient worker. Therefore, when an individual participate in the study, one can contribute by answering how importance are the features of office design such as chair position, table arrangement, proper lighting and air ventilation can impact employees productivity through questionnaires.
Plus, worker can gain better insight when they are introduced to this research which pertain on the office design and its consequence to them. Plus, to acknowledge BFM as one of the innovative company in Malaysia by distributing questionnaire to them. Since then, amount of research on work station had multiplied.
Therefore, the author aims to recognize and evaluate the outcomes of this field of study in hope to be able to define basic strictures and fundamental theories of the environmental psychology of workspace.
Duffy stated that evidence from marketing mediators, office furniture producers, professional interior stylists and construction contractors specifies that selected innovative information is through searching its way into the real estate industry as commercial building owners and tenants demand better quality workspaces for their employees. Until recently, the design of office buildings adhered to a 19th Century model of work. During the late 19th century, the socioeconomic condition of United States went through a dramatic surge in industrial growth.
Plentiful resource, expanding labor force, government policy, and proficient entrepreneurs facilitated this shift to the large-scale production of manufactured goods. For majority of the United States citizen, development lead to unprecedented prosperity but for the minority, it did not help much. The enlargement of factories have demanded for gigantic amount of workers to work in factories. Though the common standard of living for workers leverage progressively during the 19th century, most workers struggled to make ends meet.
Economic History The author added factory labors were required to suffer long working hours, depressed working conditions, and employment uncertainty. During the economic slump, huge number of employee lost their job. New employees discovered the discipline and regulation of factory work to be very different from other types of work. Job scope was uninteresting because workers did the same thing repetitively. Employees too had to work averaging 10 hours per day and six days a week for most workers, even longer for others.
In addition, factory environments were claimed by Gale Encyclopedia of U. Economic History, to be poorly constructed and terrible.
Lack of efficient government regulation led to dangerous and risky working place. In the late 19th century, more industrial accidents happened in the United States than other industrial country. If an employee get injured or died on the job, employer rarely provide compensation. As manufacturing merged at the turn of the century, factories expand and became hazardous. In , 35 thousand worker ceased in industrial accidents annually and harmed , In , the Triangle Shirtwaist fire had open the eye of the society to be more alert on the issues pertaining industrial accident.
Within a year, labors in steel and iron mills factory were reported slaughtered from the accident in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Employee responses to underprivileged manufacturing works conditions and salary that is low varied.
Employees purposely lowered down their output rate by exterminating equipment while others quitted their jobs and seeks for another job in other industrial unit. The rest of the labor seek a better systematic and strategic alternative to rebel by venturing employee union even though majority of them are not union members. For those labor who still stay, having few alternatives they simply endured the hardship of factory work.
According to Vischer , the author states that workers are an individual that was assigned to finish a task rather than giving ideas on how to solve the task. In addition, Vischer also eludes that labors as person who are taken for granted to be evaluated by their employers, gaining access to needed tools, and finally to fulfill the requirement of the laws and regulations of a working place. Previously looking at the context of factories, an up-to-date working station is preferably to be in the form of offices, and the cost of declining residence is the key factor to choice making.
Preiser stated that keeping up with changes in the 21st century, in the field of working, few of these conditions are still valid. Apparatus for labor have drastically changed, and developments in computers and telecommunications explains that worker are no longer needed to be working in static space. Blockades between professionalism and personal life are breaking down as people seek career opportunities rather than jobs, work at all hours, make a social life at work, and sleep and eat at work if necessary.
What may now be called workspace is diversifying, mobile work and non-territorial workspace is increasing, and companies are applying quality as well as cost criteria to workspace design.
Newsham , said that as fragment of these changes, conceptualization of the environments for work is ever-changing from the belief of workspace as a backdrop that is to passive setting for work, to the concept of workspace as an dynamic support to and finally tool for getting work done.
He added one of the results of this shift is the flourishing interest in how building occupants behave towards the function of workspace features.
As the research reviewed in this paper suggests, evidence is mounting that employees will waste their time and energy trying to cope in poorly designed workspace and that employers are increasingly concerned that their employees invest their energy in work and relationships rather than in coping with adverse or uncomfortable workspace condition.
Vischer , stated that the acceptance of functional comfort had been related with contentment from the employee and efficiency classifications. A multilateral explanation on the idea of comfort have been utilized in various research on the structure of office. The author added to safely occupy and work in a building, an employee must ensure that they are healthy.
Workers require good office design to perform their daily routine efficiently. To support, the idea of conducive and workable work station should not only be considered from how satisfied the employee is. Vischer posits that how office is designed and occupied affects not only how employee feel, but also their job performance and commitment to their employer in the organization.
Moreover, evaluation of worker opinions towards office design are able to be utilize to diagnosed building performance and the effectiveness of building system as cited by Fischer The common principles alludes that the developments of environmental recognition and evaluation are interrelated not just to identify the ergonomic traits that meet the needs of occupants, but also the perception and reaction of employee might have towards the working space.
The first study on after occupying of offices uses general questionnaires survey of building users to detect what inhabitants love and hate in their working space, inferring that computing employee self-appraisal contentment with individual sorts aid to comprehend impact of the office design to the employee.
Research on employee contentment level towards the workplace suggests that this notion is a de facto measure of office building. Employee felt please if the built space is in good condition, whereas workers are unhappy with a workplace if it is poorly designed. Research on employee contentment levels in offices had enlighten many researchers with wide-ranging knowledge of employee likings however somewhat provided slight understanding of building performance.
The author also states that for most of the post occupancy survey, labors are often asked on their perspective and appraisal of working place in terms of the perceived qualities of the place. Appraisal in this sense consists of two essential elements said Windsor , the facets of office design that is useful to employee that lead themselves to evaluate and are the facets that were mentioned in the research provide satisfactory or unsatisfactory feelings to the workers.
Thus, analysis of inhabitant contentment in particular office buildings will determine which facets are inclined and which are hated by occupants. Scharf posits, one of the most reliable verdicts from employee survey says that employee are often displeased with notion of open space building design. Schraf added, it could be because of unwanted sound, unnecessary interruptions, no privacy policy and similarity of cubicle space. Despite that, based on the result of this finding, author stated that this has not disallow employers from agreeing with open plan office design in part because it is slightly cheaper to build and more practical to reconstruct than a private office layout because workstations frequently occupy less people compared private offices.
Based on the study, researcher verifies that on the good side, office design that is open ease the communication process and allow employee in the organization to share info faster and casually. The drawbacks however, can create unnecessary disruption that stop labors to finish their task on time. According to this approach, satisfactory towards a working station is tacitly a measure not only of office layout efficiency, but also of job satisfaction, in spite of the lack of proven connections between them.
Vischer utter that studies on workplace design had been improvised to answer the boundaries and evaluate employee satisfaction by utilizing the response received from employee to leverage office building design. The author then said that workers level of physical conducive refers to facets of office design that meets the mankind need, such as feeling safe in the workplace, having a clean and systematic working place. Vischer too then elaborates that functional comfort can be well-described as factors that support the employee performance environmentally.
Adequate amount lighting on laptop screen, chairs that does not give a backache, rooms that can ease meetings and advocate collaboration, are the instances that benefit employee functional comfort during work. The dissimilarity between supportive and non-unsupportive office design is the level where inhabitants are able to keep their retention and energy towards their task, as contrasting to expending it to cope with adverse environmental conditions.
The concept of worker productivity tends to be applied to a whole range of desired behavioral outcomes in the context of work. Vischer , said that environmental design were influenced and can be classified into three types of productivity. There are organizational, individual and also group, where each category brought upon respective impact towards labor productivity.
Normally, Vischer stated that, the space work for an individual such as desk, chairs, tables and office design determine how quick and precise an employee finish their job during work is an example of individual productivity. The author also added that an employee individual task performance is also determined by factors such as image and illumination, optimum temperature in the office or building and also ergonomic facets which had been mentioned in the first sentence.
Constructive individual productivity can be well explained by enhanced rate of work done. Rasing , eludes that group productivity as a successful element to any individual's business. This basically means putting to use the power of teams to multiply the individual efforts of the people who are serving with the organization. Motivation and inspiration are the best tools to aid a team achieve group productivity.
Inspiration brings the effect where each and every single person in the group works harder to grasp worthy results in terms of productivity. It motivates the entire team and makes them to realize the objective of the company. In other words, one can say that group productivity escalate the cooperation among workers and make them more competent to accomplish the goal of their company.
Favero , stated that before taking a look at the tools and methods which can be applied, one need to comprehend where productivity is situated in organizations. Also, a model is required in which we can clearly see the relationship between productivity and other key areas. For instance, when every head of departments does not conduct effective meetings, they can bring results such as the failure to listen to the targeted message. Time is wasted, agreements are not registered and followed up and the wrong parties are called up.
So we cannot overlook anything. Plus an ideal office design is when an employee perform his or her task in a conducive environment. To ensure that the environment of the office meets the need of the employee, the organization have to match the process of the work and the one who perform the task as that is the sole purpose of ergonomics.
Ergonomics is the study of crafting furnitures that promise great productivity given by a worker. Design of a workspace from ergonomics perspective can somehow flourish productivity and diminish stress through the interaction between the various system components as cited by Dempsey et al. If an office layout is not design in ergonomic way, labors can feel stress and have higher chance to get strain Employees who voice out their feeling of uneasiness and pressure at work will cause their productivity to slump down, because distraction may impact their talent to conduct job scope properly said Leaman As the consequence, hazardous working environment, poor productivity and quality could happen.
Furthermore, accidents at workplace have been suggested by McKee, to be related to psychological distress, low participation in routine activities and adverse effects on family well-being.
Hatch, , added that from the study that he had conducted, evidences approves that that employee who works in office buildings prefer a close workstation as they felt uneasy.
It could be beneficial if they were to work alone but not relevant if the employee were required to work in a team. Increasing studies on ergonomic facets have look at certain aspect of office design like air conditioner, illumination, sounds and last but not least, how a chair, table and desk were arranged.
From this studies, the author had discover that these characteristics impact the rate of employee absence, their task performance, and also self-appraised. Acknowledging ergonomics for work area design can help eliminate the menace of stress in working station said Tarcan et al. Tarcan also asserts that if an organization does not have a decent working environment to employees such as having good office design, the chances of employee to give ill related excuses and reluctant to go to work will escalate.
Studies exploit that office design that is ergonomic will lessen the chances to stress work said Aaras Studies on illumination, for instance, are likely to differentiate between the consequences on inhabitants in a building towards interior lighting and natural lighting from windows. Importantly, research on daylight and views from hospital rooms by Ulrich, , has proven to impact the rate of recovery and the requirements of medication. To support, Sutton , states that there is a noteworthy affiliation between the lighting systems and work stress outcomes in organizations.
Office illumination help to increase employee capability and fatigue minimization said Wojcikiewicz, This premise has been supported by Aaras et al. Nevertheless, it is difficult contemplate on extent of lighting because its suitability ultimately relies on the job scope added the authors Sutton and Rafaeli, Though, there were consensus among researchers that great level of glare, lack of natural light, and level of lighting that are too low for a given task can bring negative effects on work stress outcomes.
Boyce et al. The study results made a difference between visual comfort, where lighting is needed by workers in order to perform well on office tasks, and satisfaction. Scharf et. Employee that works an open office layout appraise sound as major cause of uneasiness and declining output.
Method to control office noise through more absorbent surfaces, sound-masking systems and behavioral controls have been declining by increasing office densities and collaborative work in modern workspace.
To add, Melamed et al. Exposure to noise, had been associated with variety of hostile effects upon well-being and obvious relationship with hearing loss said Leather et al. Noise exposure had been said to be associated with a range of work stress outcomes such as cardiac problems, sickness-related absenteeism, self-reported fatigue and psychological distress said McDonald, Researchers agreed that the sources of noise in the organizations came from ringing telephones, piped-in background music, office machines, people talking and noise from the street.
According to Visher , studies that focus on layout of their floors and furniture promotes teamwork as well individual task performance.
The design of an office can give potent impact to not only happiness of labor but also the output of the team. A practical design of an office is when the workstation of the environment supports the needs of the labor and where a worker carries out his or her task in a conducive environment to accomplish the organization goal.
Studies by Miles , indicates that the extra investment in ergonomic tables and chairs for workers, as well as ergonomic training, generated a five month payback in terms of increased individual productivity. The main problems that associate with the long usage of chair seating do not end with the odd twinge discomfort. However, they can easily extend to repetitive strain injury RSI causing chronic or permanent damage Beckett, For daily office utilization, chair that is claim to be ergonomic should not only benefit an employee, but must also ease their daily routine.
The chair that is going to be utilize for work and health purpose should be safe and ready to use and permit user so they can moves around and sit in a contented manner. Next, the seat should be adjustable. In addition, to make optimum utilization of comfort when an employee wanted to lean backward, the seat should remain unchanged and the feet of the user could touch the floor, to allow circulation to trigger added Beckett The chair that is ergonomically design can trigger impact on labor performance through stress and fatigue minimization Cook et al.
Firstly, this model proposed that satisfaction with environment that an employee inhibits in as articulated by individual depends on how the labor judge attributes of the workspace. By what means an individual evaluates particular attributes in turn, is likely to depend based by two reasons.
In what way an employee expect the office design to be and the common basis against which the employee review the environment. The authors also eludes the possibility of getting inaccurate results, among employee in the similar working place can be acknowledged clearly.
Finally the traits of an individual can be perceived to have impact towards their beliefs and valuations of buildings design and standards for appraisals that will be apply. The topic outcomes on the success in work space have gain significant response throughout current centuries.
Altogether, studies pertaining on the noteworthy of employed life, whether it is carried out at a particular organization office or factories, the researcher have observed that lighting, air ventilation, sound, and temperature as the influencer that determine the quality of an office design.
For most researcher, the author added that they have considered the overall job satisfaction as the fundamental for performance measure, whereas administrative research on workstations have considered employee performances as a pointer of accomplishment. The conceptual model explicitly explain on how an employee workplace can be evaluated. In this model, the authors suggests that there are three important results. There are overall job satisfaction, environmental satisfaction and also employee performance.
Overall environmental satisfaction is the results that is utmost important to the office planner. The conceptual model suggested that the method in which the layout of an office were often related to the feeling of contentment and experience of the personnel working in the organization.
The authors added that for an employee to experience maximum content, there is four factors that must be full filled. Initially, characteristic of an employee, including job category, influence how the person judged a work environment. Secondly, the authors indicated that overall environmental satisfaction relies on the managerial setting wherein the employee operates. Executive who wanted confidentiality might not see their workstation as good if the space that they are occupying were also used by the company to conduct meetings with numbers of other employee.
Moving on, the authors explained that overall environmental fulfilment depends on the opinion of an employee and their review towards certain qualities. As a final point, the facets of office design ultimately leads to maximum feeling of contentment.
Unnecessary sound disruption and poor control of air ventilation, separately from a labors opinion towards the mention attributes, may affect the labors feeling towards the workstation. Conceptual model for evaluating work environment framework that was proposed by Robert et al. The criteria of appraisal comprises of the extent where the traits to which one aspires to receive along with promotion such as supplementary work station. In addition, researcher had acknowldeged that an individual asessment of office layout is related to one another nevertheless different from physical characteristics of building design.
For instance, personnel who operates in spacious workspace will not feel their space to conduct daily routine is disturbed. From the persepctive of scholars and environmental designer, the main reason of assessment study is to learn the connections between few office design facets and response from labors towards the traits. Comprehending the relationship, the architect will finally understand and able to identify which traits of office design should be focused on more and be improvised from time to time.
Unwanted sound and feeling cramped can be so distracting and affects the quality of assignment produced. Lee, et al. Therefore naturally, working conditions create influence on other areas of life, including eating, sleeping, housing, and developing interpersonal relationships. Additionally, working conditions too affect employee physical and mental health.
Due to industrial growth, working conditions have become more diverse and complex. The authors also added that preceding studies on the influence of working conditions on health have concentrated on the occurrence of specific diseases like musculoskeletal illness occupational cancers and sleep disorders, in risky working conditions, or the influence of job stresses, job satisfaction on life habits like smoking and drinking.
Though research inspected the influence of psychological occupational factors on well-being in specific occupations such as teaching, there is still deficiency in research on the influence of overall working conditions towards employee well- being said Lee, et al.
Labors prefer working conditions that are alike to the conditions that they have in their homes. Furthermore, author exploit that there is a connetion between working conditions and job satisfaction. From the result of this research, researcher discovered that working conditions as a factor of job satisfaction, do not considerably determine overall job satisfaction to make significant difference between workers who work in normal working conditions and workers who work in tough conditions.
However, given that it was revealed that the working conditions are an important factor of the overall job satisfaction of workers who work in the difficult working conditions, and given that these workers are less satisfied with this factor in relation to employees who work in normal working conditions, it could be concluded that it is essential to increase the working conditions of workers who work in tough working conditions.
Leveraging working conditions relates to the improvement of safety at work, training of workers, control and improvement of machinery and tools, and to provide adequate protective equipment. As a result of these improvements, it is conceivable that satisfaction with working conditions of workers who work in difficult working conditions increases. In that case, these workers could become equally satisfied with working conditions as workers who work in normal working conditions which may act favorably on their overall job satisfaction as well as their performance.
It gives direction and makes a research became much more systematic. Various types of research designs possess respective strength and drawbacks. The method chosen by researcher will affect the findings. Most scholars are interested in getting reliable observations that can help the understanding of a phenomenon. It is also is the procedure regarding the content of research and studies on the phenomenology is happening around researcher. Research design will be able to identify and track issues and variables from both the dependent and independent variables.
In addition, the research design will be able to identify the correct technique to be carried out to analyze the data. This study is utilizing quantitative research method that will focus on three research objectives which had been stated by researchers in Chapter 1. Descriptive research were often related to the 5W and 1H what, who, when, why, where and how questions pertaining answers to them. This pattern of research methodology is put to use to obtain information concerning certain phenomenon and were also maneuver to elaborate the elements that were associated with the variables.
As Shuttleworth asserts, quantitative research method is a systematic procedure which involve observing and describing behavior of a subject without having to modify them. Shuttleworth , added for most quantitative research, this pedagogy is often utilize sine the variables are much more suitable to be tested quantitatively. In the study, researcher will conduct survey that invloves number and statistic after collecting data via distribution of questionnaires to the slected population.
The findings of this study show that office design is very vital in terms of increasing… Expand. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Background Citations. Methods Citations. Results Citations. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Journal of Resources Development and Management.
A work environment can be identified as the place that one works, which means the milieus around a person. It is the social and professional environment in which a person is supposed to interact with … Expand.
But in the context of Pakistan this effect was not identifies up to higher extent, especially … Expand. Highly Influenced. View 3 excerpts, cites background and methods.
It was assumed that office design like Furniture, … Expand. View 7 excerpts, cites background. Impact of working environment on employee's productivity: A case study of Banks and Insurance Companies in Pakistan.
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